What is meant by differential reproductive success?

Differential reproductive success refers to the concept in evolutionary theory where individuals with traits that provide a fitness advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce compared to those with less advantageous traits. This means that the individuals who are better adapted to their environment—often referred to as the "fitter" individuals—are more successful in passing on their genetic traits to the next generation.

In the context of natural selection, these advantageous traits become more common in a population over time because those traits lead to higher reproductive success. Thus, the correct answer captures the essence of this principle: individuals who exhibit greater fitness not only have higher survival rates but also reproduce more effectively, ensuring that their beneficial characteristics are inherited by their offspring. This process is fundamental for understanding how species evolve and adapt over generations.